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Figure 5 Heart Rate Reduction and Mortality in Heart Failure

Relationship between mean change in heart rate and mean change in mortality in studies of patients with chronic heart failure. Reprinted with permission from Kjekshus and Gullestad (23). ANZ = Australia/New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group; BHAT = Beta Blocker Heart Attack Trial; bpm = beats/min; CIBIS = Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study; CONSENSUS = Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study; GEISCA = Grupo de Estudio de la Sobrevida en la Insuficiencia Cardiaca en Argentina; HDZ/ISDN = hydralazine/isosorbide dinitrate; MOCHA = Multicenter Oral Carvedilol Heart Failure Assessment; NOR TIMOLOL = Norwegian Multicentre Study Group; PROFILE = Prospective Randomized Flosequinan Longevity Evaluation; PROMISE = Protection Devices in PCI-Treatment of Myocardial Infarction for Salvage of Endangered Myocardium Study; SOLVD = Studies of Left Ventricular Dysfunction; US CARVEDILOL = U.S. Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group; VHeFT = Vasodilator in Heart Failure Trials; XAMOTEROL = Xamoterol in Severe Heart Failure Study Group.