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Figure 4 Multi-site bipolar recordings and frequency analysis results in the patients with paroxysmal AF originating from the SVC. A highest DF of 7.7 Hz was found around the SVC ostium near the right atrium. The DF of the SVC and RA was lower, ranging from 5.9 to 6.1 Hz. The frequency of the more distal sites, such as the SVC, RA, and CS, had an even lower DF of 5 to 5.8 Hz. There was a frequency gradient from the arrhythmogenic SVC-RA junction to the rest of the atria and other thoracic veins. Abbreviations as in Figure 2.