Click on image to view larger version.

Figure 1 Possible Mechanisms Involved in the Genesis of Anemia in Heart Failure

Shown is a diagram of the possible mechanisms of anemia in patients with heart failure. ACE-I = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; AcSDKP = N-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; DMT1 = divalent metal transporter 1; EPO = epoetin; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; HF = heart failure; NF-B = nuclear factor-kappa B; RBC = red blood cell mass. Figure illustration by Rob Flewell.