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Figure 1 CRS Type 1

Pathophysiological interactions between heart and kidney in type 1 cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) or "acute CRS" (abrupt worsening of cardiac function, e.g., acute cardiogenic shock or acute decompensation of chronic heart failure) leading to kidney injury. ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme; ANP = atrial natriuretic peptide; BNP = B-type natriuretic peptide; CO = cardiac output; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; KIM = kidney injury molecule; N-GAL = neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; RAA = renin angiotensin aldosterone. Figure illustration by Rob Flewell.