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Figure 5 Delayed-Enhancement MRI Scans Acquired 3 Months After a First (Failed) Procedure and a Second (Successful) Procedure

Incomplete scar formation located near the antrum of the pulmonary veins after failed isolation was noted in both patient examples. The gap in RF lesions at the pulmonary vein antrum (purple) correlated with incomplete electrical isolation of the left superior pulmonary vein. Delayed-enhancement MRI at 3 months after the repeat PVAI shows complete scar formation (white/orange) isolating the pulmonary veins. Both patients were free of AF at follow-up. Posterior and left lateral views are shown. Abbreviations as in Figure 1.