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Figure 3 Direct Intracellular Effects Mediated Via (Pro)Renin Receptors

Renin and pro-renin directly activate intracellular signaling pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), leading to generation of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), and heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27). Activation is independent of angiotensin II. Reprinted with permission from Nguyen and Danser (27).