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Figure 4 Diseased Valvular Endothelium

Diseased endothelium exhibits nonlaminar flow, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) deposition, macrophage infiltration, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. Differential expression of cytoskeletal elements promotes a valvular phenotype. BMP = bone morphogenic protein. Modified, with permission, from Fuster et al. (18).