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Figure 6 Time-Resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry Profiles Showing the Abnormal Pattern of Pre-Ejection Flow During Epicardial Pacing From the Base of the LV

(A) Anatomical M-mode through the left ventricle (LV). (B) Two-dimensional snapshots of 4 time frames corresponding to the vertical lines (1 to 4) in panel A. The base-to-apex direction of flow persists for a prolonged time and delays blood flow redirection and closure of the mitral valve. AV = aortic valve; MV = mitral valve; Vel Mag = velocity magnitude.