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Figure 1 Flowchart of the Study

Cardiac risk factors included age over 70 years, angina pectoris, prior myocardial infarction (MI) on the basis of history or a finding of pathologic Q waves on electrocardiography, compensated congestive heart failure or a history of congestive heart failure, current treatment for diabetes mellitus, renal dysfunction (serum creatinine >160 µmol/l), and prior stroke or transient ischemic attack. Patients with >3 risk factors and extensive ischemia were randomly (1:1) assigned to coronary revascularization.