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Figure 4 Chronic therapeutic effects of S16EPLN/rAAV-treatment in post-myocardial infarction (MI) rats. Serial changes of echocardiographic variables (A to C) before and after S16EPLN gene transfer and pulse-wave Doppler imaging of mitral flow found in sham (no-MI) rats (D), saline-treated post-MI rats (E), and S16EPLN-treated post-MI rats (F). Note elevated early filling velocity and diminished late filling found in saline-treated post-MI rats were normalized in S16EPLN-treated animals. Suppression of the induction of interstitial fibrosis in the non-infarcted region in S16EPLN-treated animals was obvious (G to I). (G) Sham (no-MI) rat myocardium; (H) Saline-treated post-MI rat myocardium; (I) S16EPLN-treated post-MI rat myocardium. Modified from figures in Iwanaga et al. (56). LVEDV = left ventricular end-diastolic volume; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; LVESV = left ventricular end-systolic volume.