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Figure 4 The course of contractile force (expressed as percentage of baseline force) in time in control trabeculae (n = 17) with (open squares) and without (open circles) preconditioning and in caffeine pre-treated trabeculae (n = 13) with (filled squares) and without (filled circles) preconditioning. *p = 0.008 for the effect of preconditioning on post-ischemic recovery of contractile force in the saline group. For the sake of clarity, the symbols representing the non-preconditioned groups are slight shifted to the right. IP = ischemic preconditioning.