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Figure 1 Study design. Enrolled patients were randomized to circumferential pulmonary vein ablation (CPVA) (n = 99) or antiarrhythmic drug therapy (ADT) (n = 99). After 4 weeks of antiarrhythmic therapy (run-in phase), patients proceeded to the randomized treatment (i.e., catheter ablation or solely continuing ADT). AAD = antiarrhythmic drug.