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Figure 1 Estrogen: beneficial and thrombogenic effects. CAM = cell adhesion molecule; Cox-2 = cyclooxygenase 2; ER = estrogen receptor; HRT = hormone replacement therapy; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; MCP = monocyte chemoattractant protein; MMP = matrix metalloproteinase; TNF = tumor necrosis factor; VSMC = vascular smooth muscle cell. Reprinted, with permission, from Mendelsohn and Karas (7).