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Figure 5 Effect of autonomic blockade on remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC). Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was 7.3 ± 1.2% at baseline (BL) and was reduced by ischemia reperfusion (IR) (a) (IR 2.6 ± 0.7%; p < 0.01 vs. BL, analysis of variance [ANOVA]; n = 8). The effect of IR on FMD was prevented by RIPC immediately before (b) (BL 8.2 ± 0.9% vs. IR+RIPC 7.0 ± 0.8%; p = NS, ANOVA; n = 8) or 24 h before IR (c) (BL 8.0 ± 1.2% vs. IR+RIPC24 7.9 ± 1.2%; p = NS, ANOVA; n = 7). Protection by RIPC was blocked by administration of trimetaphan (TRIM) (1 to 6 mg/min intravenously) during RIPC immediately before IR (d) (BL 8.3 ± 1.1% vs. IR+RIPC TRIM 4.2 ± 0.9%; p < 0.05, ANOVA; n = 7) and 24 h before IR (e) (BL 7.3 ± 1.0% vs. IR+RIPC24 TRIM 2.3 ± 0.6%; *p < 0.001, ANOVA; n = 7).