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Figure 5 (A) Comparison of E Vmax at a heart rate of 80 beats/min at the three pacing sites. The E Vmax was significantly larger during bi-atrial (BiA) pacing than during high right atrial (HRA) pacing; however, there was no significant difference between BiA and coronary sinus (CS) pacing. (B) Comparison of A Vmax at 80 beats/min between the three pacing sites; BiA pacing significantly produced the most increased A Vmax. (C) Comparison of TVI between the three pacing sites; BiA pacing significantly produced the most increased TVI. (D) Comparison of S-A peak at 80 beats/min between the three pacing sites; S-A peak was significantly the shorter during CS and BiA pacing than during HRA pacing, although there was no significant difference between BiA and CS pacing. (E) Comparison of the optimal AV delay between the three pacing sites. The optimal AV delay was significantly shorter during CS or BiA pacing than during HRA pacing; however, there was no significant difference between CS and BiA pacing. Solid line indicates data at 80 beats/min. Dotted line indicates data at 100 beats/min.