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Figure 1 Injury to the arterial surface activates endothelial cells and initiates synthesis of pro-inflammatory proteins including chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, and cytokines as well as growth factors and prothrombogenic substances. Monocytes attracted into the vessel wall are transformed into macrophages, which incorporate oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), becoming lipid-laden foam cells. Modified from Koh KK (2).