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Figure 2 Two-dimensional echocardiograms from parasternal long-axis (A), short-axis (B), and apical four-chamber (C) views at ventricular end-systole, displaying the measurements required for estimation of left atrial volume (LAV) using the length-diameter ellipsoid method. bpm = beats per minute; D₁ = left atrial (LA) anteroposterior; D₂ = LA medial-lateral diameter; HR = heart rate; L = LA long-axis length.