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Figure 1 Diagrammatic representation of the heart viewed through a right thoracotomy at the fourth intercostal space. An acrylic plaque electrode was sutured to the fat pad (FP) (shaded area) on the epicardium containing autonomic ganglia (AG) found at the base of the right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV). Multi-electrode catheters were sutured to the pleura so as to rest against the RSPV, attached to the left atrium (LA) extending along the superior vena cava (SVC) and to the right atrium (RA) extending toward the right atrial appendage (RAAp). In each position the distal bipolar electrode pairs were closest to the FP. SAN = sinoatrial node; IVC = inferior vena cava.