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Figure 6 Prevention of rapid electrical stimulation (RES)-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) by losartan. (A) Phospho-extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK) (p-ERK) levels before (0 min) and after RES for 60 min and 90 min in the absence (solid bars) and presence (hatched bars) of 100 nmol/l losartan. (B) Phospho-c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinases (JNK) (p-JNK) levels. (C) Phospho-p38 MAPKs (p-p38) levels. The amount of each protein was normalized to the baseline without losartan (mean ± SD, n = 8). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 vs. baseline.