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Figure 4 Changes of three mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and their phosphorylated forms in response to rapid electrical stimulation (Western analysis). (A) Total extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK) and phospho-ERK (p-ERK). (B) Total c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinases (JNK) and phospho-JNK (p-JNK). (C) Total p38 MAPKs and phospho-p-38 MAPKs (p-p38). Values were normalized to their baseline (mean ± SD, n = 8). *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01 vs. baseline.