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Figure 1 Scatterplots show the relationship between heart rate and plasma norepinephrine (NE) (top panel), total systemic norepinephrine spillover rate (SR) (middle panel), and cardiac norepinephrine spillover rate (lower panel). The relationship between heart rate and total norepinephrine spillover (middle panel) is influenced by an outlying patient; when removed r = 0.22, p = 0.10. bpm = beats/min.