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Figure 5 Representative example of nerve stimulation effect. (Top panel) Lead II. Arrow depicts onset of nerve stimulation. Cycle length is shown in ms. Cycle length increases with nerve stimulation before fat pad dissection. (Middle panel) Lead II. Arrow depicts onset of nerve stimulation. Cycle length is shown in ms. Cycle length fails to increase with nerve stimulation after fat pad dissection. (Bottom panel) Lead II. This patient developed postoperative atrial fibrillation (AF) 48 h later.