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Figure 5 (A) Shows failure of external (top panel) and internal (lower panel) cardioversion to convert atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with chronic permanent AF. (B) Voltage mapping with intracardiac recordings before and after ablations. The color range depicts red as the lowest voltage and blue and magenta as the highest voltage. The distribution of complex fractionated atrial electrograms was confined largely on the posterior wall of the left atrium, mitral annulus, and septum. (C) Shows the electrograms recorded from the mapping catheters at the left posteroseptal areas. Note that there are conduction blocks between these areas and the distal (Dis) coronary sinus (CS). The atrial activation at this site was 115 ms earlier than the P wave, and radiofrequency (RF) application here terminated the tachycardia (D). Biomap D = distal electrodes; Biomap P = proximal electrodes; prox = proximal; RSPV = right superior pulmonary vein.