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Figure 4 Thirty-day mortality was reduced by the administration of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors during the hospitalization. The p value for each mortality comparison between patients taking ACE inhibitors and those not receiving them was <0.001. The relative reduction in mortality was significantly greater for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) than for those without ESRD (48% vs. 27%, p = 0.02). After restricting the cohort to patients ideal for ACE inhibitors, the relative reduction in mortality provided by ACE inhibitor therapy was still significantly greater in the ESRD group (47% vs. 33%, p = 0.43).