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Figure 5 Photomicrographs of immunostained tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha–positive cells in cross sections of the recipient heart in the ligation group (a, b) and the sham group (c). (a, b) Many monocytes expressing TNF-alpha were observed only in the vessels. Arrows indicate TNF-alpha-positive cells. (c) TNF-alpha-expressing cells were not observed in the recipient heart of the sham group. Scale bar = 50 µm.