Click on image to view larger version.

Figure 1 Saturation of benefits with incremental neurohormonal blockade in chronic heart failure (1975–2003). The curve represents directional tendency rather than exact point estimates of benefit or adverse outcomes. Spironolactone is not included because the supporting data are from a single large trial constructed in a distinct population of unstable and severe heart failure patients with low background use of beta-blockers. ACE = angiotensin-converting enzyme.