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Figure 1 The classification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) according to the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative. Increased rates of adverse effects are generally seen below an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 60 ml/min/1.73 m². CHF = congestive heart failure; CV = cardiovascular; ESRD = end-stage renal disease; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; MI = myocardial infarction. Adapted from reference 3.