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Figure 3 Concentration- and time-dependent upregulation of endothelial-type nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression by French red wines. The eNOS mRNA expression was quantified with RNase protection assay. (A) EA.hy 926 cells were incubated for 24 h with ethanol (EtOH-Co, 1.25%, v/v), a German ("Dornfelder") and two French red wines ("L.Chevaliers" and "Ch.Bonnet reserve") diluted to final concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 10% (v/v). (B) Cells were exposed to cell culture medium containing 1%, 3%, and 10% (v/v) of "Ch.Bonnet reserve" for different periods of time. Symbols represent means ± SEM. Asterisks indicate significant differences from ethanol-treated cells at the same time points (*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; by ANOVA followed by the Fisher PLSD test).