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Figure 1 Myocardial nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 3-phosphate (reduced form) (NADPH) oxidase expression and activity in nonfailing and end-stage failing human heart. (A) NADPH-dependent superoxide production in left ventricular homogenates measured by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence. *p < 0.01 between groups. (B) Effect of specific inhibitors (Inhib) of enzymatic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production or of the superoxide scavenger Tiron. p < 0.001 for ROS production with and without inhibitor. (C) Representative immunoblots for NADPH oxidase subunits and for cardiac troponin I (cTnI). (D) Densitometric quantification of NADPH oxidase subunit expression relative to troponin I. DCM = dilated cardiomyopathy; DPI = diphenyleneiodonium; NYHA = New York Heart Association; L-NAME = N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester.