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Figure 2 Hemodynamic effects of the cardiac support device (CSD). (A) Left ventricular pressure–volume relations in one animal before and after long-term CSD use. The darker loops for each condition reflect basal conditions, and the thinner loops were measured during transient load reduction. There was a reduction in both end-diastolic and end-systolic chamber volumes, with preservation of cardiac stroke volume (loop width), and the end-systolic pressure–volume relation shifted leftward, consistent with reversal of chamber remodeling. The diastolic pressure–volume boundary was not altered. (B) Summary of hemodynamic variables before and after long-term CSD use. There was a consistent significant decline in chamber volumes (end-diastolic volume [EDV] and end-systolic volume [ESV]), without a change in cardiac output (CO). End-diastolic pressure (EDP) and end-systolic pressure (ESP) were not significantly changed. EF = ejection fraction.