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Figure 2 Gain of the transfer function from muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) to blood pressure (BP) before and four months after carvedilol treatment (n = 13). Carvedilol did not alter neuroeffector transfer function gain in any frequency band. Values are means ± SE. Open bars = before treatment; solid bars = after four months treatment. Very low frequency (VLF) = 0–0.05 Hz; low frequency (LF) = 0.05–0.15 Hz; high frequency (HF) = 0.15–0.5 Hz.