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Figure 1 Effects of carvedilol on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) (A, n = 10) and calf hemodynamics (B and C, n = 8) in response to handgrip (HG) exercise. Before treatment, HG significantly increased MSNA and calf vascular resistance (CVR), and significantly decreased calf vascular conductance (CVC). Carvedilol had no effect on the reflex sympathoneural response to HG, or on calf hemodynamic responses to this vasoconstrictor stimulus. Individual data and means ± SE values are expressed. *p < 0.01 compared with control values; p < 0.05 compared with control values.