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Figure 1 Expression of ACE, TGF-beta1 and collagen I mRNA in patients with AS and AR. Bar graphs show ACE/GAPDH (left); TGF-beta1/PDH (middle); and collagen (Col) I/GAPDH (right) expression in control hearts (Con), patients with AS and patients with AR. The expression of ACE mRNA and TGF-beta1 mRNA was significantly increased in AR and AS. The collagen I mRNA was significantly increased in AS and was elevated in AR, without reaching the level of statistical significance. The mean values ± SEM are presented, and analysis of variance was performed, with the Bonferroni-corrected (Tamhane-T2 procedure) p values indicated. n.s. = not significant.