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Figure 3 No significant changes in the Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger mRNA transcription level were obtained within patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) irrespective of left ventricular ejection fractions (EFs): EF 50%, EF = 30%–49% or EF < 30%. But a significant (p < 0.01) difference in EXCH transcription was found between patients with severe CHF (EF < 30%) and explanted hearts (expl), although EF was reduced similarly.