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Figure 4 From top to bottom, synchronized ECG, left atrial (LA) ABD (thin grey line), pressure (thick white line), pulsed Doppler pulmonary vein flow (PVF) and pulsed Doppler LV outflow tract (LVOT) velocity tracings (from pig # 566, baseline paced at 70 beats/min). The PVF late diastolic retrograde wave has been omitted for clarity. White vertical arrows indicate 20 cm/s pulsed Doppler velocity scale. White dotted lines indicate start and end of left ventricular ejection. a = LA peak a pressure; Amax = maximum LA area; Aac = LA area before atrial contraction; D = diastolic PVF wave; ES = early systolic PVF wave; LS = late systolic PVF wave; P = ECG P wave; R = ECG R wave; v = LA peak v pressure; x = LA x trough pressure.