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Figure 1 Left panel: Diagram illustrating the placements of the base-apex (dimension a) and anterior-posterior (dimension b) ultrasound dimension transducers, LV micromanometer (LVP) and the pneumatic occluders around the inferior vena cava (IVCO) and descending aorta (AO). Right panel: Schematic diagram of the derived epicardial left ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV_epi), which includes the left ventricular wall volume (LV_wall). LV = left ventricle.