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Figure 3 Echocardiographic features of autosomal dominant hypertrophic–hypokinetic cardiomyopathy (AD-HDC). Apical four-chamber view of individual III-3 of family AD-HDC1 (see Fig. 1). Left frame: end-diastole; right frame: end-systole. The left ventricle (LV) is only mildly dilated (end-diastolic volume 112 ml); a severe apical hypertrophy is present (arrows). The left ventricle is diffusely hypokinetic, with moderate systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction 44%). LA = left atrium.