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Figure 1 Circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) (A) and soluble TNF receptor type 1 (sTNFR1) (B) and type 2 (sTNFR2) (C) in heart failure (HF) and control subjects. To determine whether circulating levels of cytokine and cytokine receptors increased over time, the mean levels of TNF-, sTNFR1 and sTNFR2 were determined on a monthly basis for a period of 4 months (see Methods for details). Heart failure patients are depicted by solid squares, and healthy control subjects are depicted by open squares.