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Figure 2 Schematic of the calculation of local work during normal and abnormal activation. Simplified fiber stress–fiber length (-L) relations in regions with early, normal and late activation are presented. PE = potential energy, EW = external work. External work is determined as the area of the -L loop, and potential work is the area of the triangle delineated by the origin, the end systolic fiber length-stress point and the end systolic fiber length point. Fiber length was defined as L/L₀ (see Methods). Total work is the sum of PE and EW.