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Figure 2 Cosinor modeling of the circadian pattern of VR in patients with CAF for comparison of the effects of different treatments on the phase of the circadian patterns. The 24-h VR data of each subject were fitted to a cosine curve through a nonlinear regression analysis. The hourly mean VR data and the corresponding cosine curves of 4 cases representing typical, best, borderline accepted and rejected fits are presented. The time of peak ventricular rate from midnight was calculated from the estimated phase of the cosine fit. See Table 2 and the text for details.