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Figure 3 Echocardiographic evaluation of atrioventricular valve regurgitation before and after surgical repair. Six of the 64 patients (9%) without preoperative regurgitation and 3 of 26 patients (12%) with marked regurgitation died after the operation. Of the remaining 58 patients without preoperative regurgitation, 42 (72%) showed no regurgitation after surgery, but regurgitation developed postoperatively in 16 (28%). On the other hand, of the 23 patients with preoperative regurgitation, regurgitation improved in 11 (48%), but remained in 12 (52%) (p < 0.001 by the McNemar test).